Using data from China's 7th Census and previous census data since 1990, this paper analyzes the trends and characteristics of marriage squeeze among men in recent decades. Results show that the marriage squeezes among men and its consequences have significantly manifested. The sex ratio of marriageable population has sharply increased from 2010 to 2020, and it is projected to peak at 116.13 by 2036. Unlike in the past, when the phenomenon was primarily concentrated in socio-economically underdeveloped regions, the surplus of never married men in economically developed areas with high urbanization rates becomes apparent. The marriage squeeze among men leads to substantial gender disparities in first marriage probabilities, with significantly lower probabilities of first marriage for men compared to women and a substantial increase in the expected number of years for never married men to get married. The scale of rural involuntary bachelors remains elevated, with urban areas experiencing a growing population of involuntary bachelors. The urban never married men aged 45 and above increased from 1.76 million to 3.88 million from 2010 to 2020. Involuntary bachelors have relatively limited economic resources, increased reliance on minimum subsistence allowance, and a rising proportion of unhealthy and solitary life in old age.    

Based on the stress process theory and life course theory, this paper studies the trajectory of mental health of the rural elderly by using the longitudinal data obtained from the survey “Well-being of Elderly in Anhui Province” from 2001 to 2018. The results show that age trajectory of mental health of the older people in rural areas follows a curvilinear pattern. With the increase of age, the life satisfaction of the older people increases at first and then decreases, while the depression increases. The cohort trajectory of life satisfaction follows an inverted U-shaped pattern,and the depression follows a U-shaped pattern. The cohort groups born earlier and later have the lower life satisfaction and the higher depression level, while the middle cohort groups born in the first half of 1930s have the highest level of life satisfaction and the lowest level of depression. Marriage and work stage have some influence on the mental health of the rural older people.The rural older people who are women, or with lower income or more negative life events have poorer mental health. The rural older people with better self-rated health, higher financial support or more emotional connection have better mental health.

China's gender imbalance has lasted for 40 years, and has become a major issue limiting the sustainable development of population and society. The increasingly significant risks arising from gender imbalance intertwined with social benefit differentiation pose challenges to the governance of gender imbalance. In the context of risk society, demands for greater public participation have emerged in policy circles. This study theoretically extends previous research on the causal mechanism of public participation and highlights useful policy implications. Building on the O-S-OR framework, the current study proposes a conceptual model to investigate whether and how trusted information acquisition influences public participation through trust and risk perception. Using data from the Social Risks and Governance of Gender Imbalance Survey conducted in 2018, and exploiting structural equation modelling, the paper finds that information acquisition is positively associated with public participation. This study also finds that the effect of information acquisition on public participation is partially mediated by government trust and risk perception of gender imbalance.

This paper uses data from the survey of “Wellbeing of Elderly in Anhui Province, China” conducted by the Institute for Population and Development of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Based on the “exposure-sensitivity-adaptive capacity” analysis framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and a comprehensive index assessment model, the study builds an assessment index system and an assessment model for the vulnerability of rural elderly family, which are based on the exposure level, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of elderly rural family. The Vulnerability Index is used to measure the vulnerability of rural elderly family, and the types of vulnerability indexes and their dimensional differences are discussed. The results show that the vulnerability of old-age support systems of rural elderly family maintained a high level; 51.81% of respondents are belonged to high-and mediumlevel vulnerable families. Rural elderly living in the high-level vulnerable families have the characteristics of seniority, low education level, low ability of ADLs, and low family income. The characteristics of mediumlevel vulnerable rural elderly families are similar to those of highlevel vulnerable families. The levels of exposure and sensitivity of rural elderly families with widowed elders, having daughters only or do not live with children and grandchildren are high.

This paper analyzes the impacts of adult children's out-migration on the rural elderly households’livelihood capitals by employing the data obtained from the survey of“Well-being of Elderly in Anhui Province，China”conducted by the Institute for Population and Development of Xi’an Jiao- tong University in 2015. It is found that there are significant differences in the amount and structure of livelihood capitals according to whether the elderly household has migrating children，but the degree of influence from children's out-migration is conditioned by the household composition. The migration of adult children widens the gap in the financial capital of the rural elderly living with their adult children， while it compensates the disadvantages of the physical，human，and social capital of the rural elderly not living with their adult children. However，there is no significant influence of the adult children's outmigration on the elderly household's natural capital which is the important resource of their livelihood.

Using special survey data of four Asian countries and regions (Korea, Taiwan, India and Pakistan) which are featured with female dearth and related research fruits, this article compares the trends, causes and consequences of the unbalanced sex ratio between the four countries and regions, and introduces the direct governance measures, the endeavors to cultural and institutional changes, and the campaigns and public governance of improving the girls’ living environment and the women’s social position. Finally the article summarizes their experiences and models, providing China with references and intervention strategies for the governance of the unbalanced sex ratio.